The effect of the Philippine Revolution

The effect of the Philippine Revolution This investigation assesses the extent of the Philippine Revolution had on the Philippine culture. In order to analyze the effects of the revolution on the political structure of the Philippines, the investigation will involve what the how it was several years before the Philippine Revolution, also known as the People Power Revolution. The political structure after the Philippine Revolution will also be researched. This research will be done to evaluate the changes in the overall political structure. The two primary sources for this investigation include Monina Mercados A People Power: The Philippine Revolution of 1986: An Eyewitness History along with Florentino Rodaos book, The Philippine Revolution of 1986: Ordinary Lives In Extraordinary Times. The two sources that will be used will be analyzed according to its origin, purpose, limitations and value. Summary of Evidence The online article What Was People Power? states that the revolution was a non-violent movement of united Filipino citizens. They were lead by Corazon Cory Aquino, the wife of Benigno Aquino, a leading opponent of the rule of President Ferdinand Marcos, an advocate for the opposition of their Nationalist Party. This movement was a success because it led to the overthrow of Ferdinand Marcos. After the overthrow, Corazon Aquino won presidency. Ferdinand Marcos was a corrupt leader. He was president of the Philippines for twenty years (for two terms), from 1965 to 1986.  [1]  After World War II, Ferdinand Marcos emerged from World War II with the reputation of being the greatest Filipino resistance leader of the war and the most decorated soldier in the U.S. Armed forces.  [2]  Before being president of the Philippines, Marcos had been the leader of the Ang Maharlika. The Ang Maharlika was a secret resistance that Ferdinand Marcos had created. It was said that this secret resistance was made up of spies and revolutionaries (assassins), in actually, the resistance consisted of counterfeiters, thieves, and gunmen. The Ang Maharlika was a guerilla force in northern Luzon. As president Marcos excelled in achieving infrastructure development along with international diplomacy; however despite these great achievements he, along with his administration, was extremely authoritarian, corrupt; they were also politically repre ssive, and they also violated human rights. In 1983, Benigno Aquino Jr., a senator and governor of Tarlac who opposed Marcos, was assassinated due to a gunshot to his head. President Marcos, along with the rest of his government, was involved in the assassination. This assassination became the catalyst of the People Power Revolution. From 1972 up through 1981, Marcos government passed a martial law that repressed the peoples freedom. He claimed that it was to create New Society based on new social and political value. Despite the laws success in reducing crime, it frightened any political opponents causing them to go into exile. The same goes for the rest of the people. They could not have a say in anything. Things were about to change for the better once Ferdinand Marcos was exiled. After the revolution, Corazon Aquinos presidency was the start of democracy for the Filipinos. The new government, the Constitutional Commission gave them a new constitution. It was ratified on February 2, 1987. The Constitution then went into effect on the eleventh of that month. It diminished presidential powers from declaring martial law. The Constitution also restored the bicameral congress. Evaluation of Sources The source Mercados A People Power: The Philippine Revolution of 1986: An Eyewitness History was written by Monina Mercado. It tells the story of the revolution that exiled Ferdinand Marcos from power through a collection of various stories by many different people told in their own words. It was published in 1987 making it somewhat of a credible source. This is said because it was written after, if not during, the revolution. This means that it contained real, current information. On the other hand, being published so soon after the revolution had occurred means that it will not have all the necessary information. If it was to describe the effects of the Peoples Power Revolution, it would only mention the effects that occurred only between that one-year time period. It would not encompass the effects over ten or twenty years. It appears that the purpose of the source is to inform readers about the Philippine Revolution of 1986 and her point of view on the situation. A People Power: The Philippine Revolution of 1986: An Eyewitness History is limited because it is biased. The author is clearly a supporter of Corazon Aquino. She does not write about what the people on the other side of the revolution thought. The sources value is questionable. It does its purpose and informs readers of the revolution and it does sheds light on the events which toppled the Marcos dictatorship. The second source is The Philippine Revolution of 1986: Ordinary Lives in Extraordinary Times was published in 2001, making it a valuable source. This book is the most recent resource out of both of the sources. It was written by Florentino Rodao. The author of this book goes into detail about gender and ethnicity during the Revolution; corruption in the second-half of the nineteenth century; the circuitions intra-Asian trade; the influx of refugees to Cavite, which affected the rivalry between Bonifacio and Aguinaldo; the travails of the Franciscan friars; and the hopes and fears of a Spanish soldier as seen through his letters. The purpose of this book was to describe the time in which they were ruled by the Spanish and when they were freed. With this being said, this was not a very valuable book for this investigation. It does not completely talk about the issue at hand, the People Power Revolution; thus limiting this book much more. It does not go into depth about the revolution, rather the time before it. In a sense, this book is valuable because it gives background information on how the people were before the revolution, therefore allowing for a comparison to be made between the time periods. D. Analysis Every single kind of revolution brings about change. The Philippine Revolution, in this case brought about a positive change. After 1986, there were many more social and governmental changes. The Philippine Revolution brought about great social changes. The people were not to be socially repressed any more. People could speak their mind without getting reprimanded. The revolution, along with all other revolutions, was a time of military and political struggle for power. This thoroughly affected the people. Even before the Peoples Power Revolution Filipinos had been military and socially repressed because of the Spanish. After gaining their freedom, they had little time to be their own; to be free, even if it was just for a little while. They were not technically used to having such freedom, so when Marcos became president there was not much resistance. With all the changes being made throughout the Philippines, it is not shocking that, socially, the country changed. This comes to sho w, why there was not resistance to Ferdinand Marcos in the beginning. While the Philippine revolution overthrew such a powerful, despotic leader, it left much of the old centralized power structure unchanged. The U.S. still retained major influence through military aid and bases. The Philippine military remained intact under Defense Minister Enrile, the same man who had gotten rich from political connections while serving as Defense Minister under Marcos. The new President, Corazon Aquino, was from a wealthy family. The poor were still poor, and the rich were still in charge. The Philippine revolution demonstrates what the power people can have when they unite and withdraw consent. The same dynamics apply, no matter what the issue. If Filipinos had decided to go on and struggle and fight for a more just division of wealth, the abolition of the military, and/ or a decentralized government that was more responsive to their needs, who knows what more amazing things they might have achieved. E. Conclusion To conclude, there were social and governmental changes as a result of the Philippine Revolution. After Marcos was exiled, there was much more social freedom. Political leaders could actually speak their mind and exiled. The people were given the right to voice their opinions and not be punished. What changed drastically was the government. The Philippines came from being an authoritarian state to a bicameral democratic country. The People Power Revolution of 1986 signified the unity of the civilians and how they came to the aid of the military, which had long been an instrument of repression and terror. F. Sources BookRags Staff. 2005. Ferdinand Marcos. [Available Online] [cited September 12, 2010] Available from http://www.bookrags.com/biography/ferdinand-marcos/. Dizon, Regina G. Mount Holyoke College. http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~rgdizon/classweb/worldpolitics/main.html (27 January 2010) People Power in the Philippines. http://www.fragmentsweb.org/TXT2/philiptx.html. In Defense of Marxism. http://www.marxist.com/perspectives-philippine-revolution080487.htm (30 January 2010) Kabayan Central. http://www.kabayancentral.com/book/ateneo/mb5503861.html. Mercado, Monina A. People Power: The Philippine Revolution of 1986: An Eyewitness History. Manila: James B. Reuter, S.J. Foundation. Morrow, Paul. Maharlika and the ancient class system. http://www.pilipino-express.com/history a-culture/in-other-words/251-maharlika-and-the-ancient-class-system.html (accessed 2010). Onwar.com.USA Spain Philippine Revolution. http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/Philippines1986.htm. (2 February 2010) Rodao, Florentino, and Felice N. Rodiguez. The Philippine Revolution of 1986: Ordinary Lives in Extraordinary Times. Manila: Ateneo de Manila University Press.

Hamlet Essay

Death, the absence of life when light goes out. In Hamlet, Shakespeare uses mortality as an answer to situations that characters find themselves in, and these situations represent various themes in the play. The characters, mainly Hamlet and Laertes, show that death is one of the better ways to overcome sorrow, show vengeance, and it’s inevitable. Everyone faces unhappiness at least once in their lifetime and so do the characters in the play, â€Å"Tragedy of Hamlet†. As a result, death is a tool that characters, such as Hamlet and Laertes, use to escape from sorrow. Hamlet shows signs of committing suicide while Laertes’s sadness turns into madness. Beginning with Hamlet, Hamlet shows his depression and desire to die as he says, â€Å"O, that this too too sullied flesh would melt; Thaw and resolve itself into a dew! ; Or that the Everlasting had not fix’d; His canon ‘gainst self-slaughter! O God! God! † (Hamlet; 1. 2. 129-132). As Hamlet expresses these emotions, one can conclude that Hamlet is yet to overcome the fact that his father, King Hamlet, is dead. Hamlet’s sadness grows as he is not pleased with his mother, the Queen, as she is perfectly fine about Hamlet’s father’s death; in fact she marries her dead husband’s brother. These two situations have lead Hamlet to think that his suffering will only end if he switches off his life. Thus, one can guess that, through Hamlet, Shakespeare suggests that death is a medium with which one may end his misery. While Hamlet thinks about committing suicide to end his sadness, Laertes looks for ways to end the reason for his sadness. After Claudius tells Laertes that Hamlet is the one who is responsible for his father’s death, Laertes speaks, â€Å"To cut his [Hamlet] throat I’ th’ church† (Hamlet; 4. 7. 127), this expresses Laertes’s disdain for Hamlet. Laertes realizes the fact that Hamlet is the reason for his sadness, Hamlet being responsible for his father’s death. Therefore, he builds up a desire to kill Hamlet to avoid his sorrow but that grief soon turns into madness where he acts like a beast that is hungry for Hamlet’s blood. Hence, one can say that, through Laertes, Shakespeare is trying to claim that death is a solution to unhappiness. Therefore, Hamlet’s and Laertes’s responses uphold the argument, death, in the form of suicide and murder, is a solution to madness and sadness, a theme in Hamlet. Losing a loved one not only leads to grief but also builds up anger, which can be taken to the next level, avenging the culprit. Revenge may be as small as an insult, but in the play, Shakespeare shows vengeance through death. This can be first seen when the Ghost of King Hamlet asks Hamlet to take revenge for his death. In reply, Hamlet says, â€Å"O cursed spit; That ever I was born to set it right† (Hamlet; 1. 5. 189), affirming the Ghost’s plan for seeking revenge. As Hamlet gains knowledge about the death of his father and understands that Claudius is the murderer of his father, he builds up fury against Claudius. Hamlet’s rage, which leads to his revenge, could have an outcome of legal punishment against Claudius, for example imprisonment, but instead it ends up being Hamlet’s personal punishment on Claudius, which is slaying of Claudius. Hence, through Hamlet, Shakespeare expresses that murder shows revenge which works as a build up towards the climax of the play. Like Hamlet, Laertes also reacts to the death of his own father by seeking revenge. Sometime after Hamlet kills Polonius, Laertes’s yearning for receiving justice can be clearly seen as he says, â€Å"Let come what comes; only I’ll be revenged; Most thoroughly for my father† (Hamlet; 4. 5. 135-136). Laertes hears about the death of his beloved father and in anger, he charges for the guilty party. As Laertes assumes that King Claudius is the offender he plans to kill him and avenge his father’s death. Therefore, one can suggest that Shakespeare is trying to convey that assassination shows vengeance, and increases tensions among different characters among the play to create an interesting ending. Thus, Hamlet and Laertes seek vengeance by murdering the corrupt, which shows revenge can be gained by the death of one; revenge is one of the other themes in the play. Lastly, no matter â€Å"who† one is or how much good or how much bad one does, everyone one has the same final destination, humans are destined to die and so are characters in the play. Therefore Shakespeare is trying to express his thought that death is ones fate. As Ophelia turns mentally ill, she begins to act crazily, which later leads to Gertrude claiming that Ophelia is dead as she says, â€Å"One woe cloth tread upon another’s heel; So fast they follow; your sister’s drowne’d Laertes† (Hamlet; 4. 7. 163-164). Like any other person, Ophelia dies as confirmed by the previous line from the play. After seeing Ophelia’s role throughout the play, one can easily claim that Ophelia was a sweet gentle woman who never did any harm to anyone both intentionally and unintentionally, but in the end she dies. This proves that death is unavoidable no matter what good deeds one has done in their lifetime. Hence, Shakespeare shows the power of mortality through Ophelia’s death. Another instance that proves that death is every person’s destiny is when Hamlet is talking to Horatio after he realizes that Ophelia is dead; he says, â€Å"There’s a divinity that shapes our ends. (Hamlet; 5. 2. 10). Hamlet is saying that there is a superior power above all of us who sets one’s life, one’s fate, this affirms Shakespeare idea of death being inevitable. Furthermore, the idea of the â€Å"Wheel of Fortune†, a very popular topic during Shakespeare’s time, can be interpreted as death is ones fate. Assuming that the bottom of the wheel represents birth, when the wheel completes a full rotation, the wheel reaches to the bottom again. So to start a new life, one has to die first. Thus death is portrayed as an unavoidable power. Hence, death is shown as fate in the play, which is another theme of the play. To conclude, the real function of death is not to kill characters in the play, but to convey other important themes in the play, the other themes being madness and sadness, revenge and fate. Death, in Shakespeare’s point of view, is an escape from life to avoid sadness where either the protagonist kills himself or someone else as an act of revenge which also shows human’s limitations for fighting against the inevitable death. Death is the unsung villain of one’s life.

Human Potential Is A Concept That Was Introduced By Early...

Human potential is a concept that was introduced by early personality theorists many years ago, and it implies that as humans, we have an innate tendency toward personal growth and development, and under the right circumstances, this tendency will lead us to actualize our potential and become all that we can be (Deci, Ryan, Guay, 2013, p. 109). In other words, each and every person has their own inner potential, and it just takes the right conditions to realize it. According to the self-determination theory, full functioning involves â€Å"individuals having access to and using all of their capacities for experience, connection, and proactivity† (Deci, Ryan Guay, 2013, p. 110). The term â€Å"full functioning† is used in this theory to refer to self-actualization. Full functioning is characterized by being aware and mindful, pursuing and attaining intrinsic life goals, and obtaining inner peace and quiet (Deci, Ryan, Guay, 2013, p. 110). In order to reach a level of full functioning, according to the self-determination theory, there are three basic psychological needs that must be fulfilled in order to perform the behaviors that are related to full functioning. These needs are universal and are essential for psychological well-being. They include competence, relatedness, and autonomy (Deci, Ryan, Guay, 2013, p. 111). Competence refers to the desire to interact effectively in one’s environment, and it is a person’s perceived competence that leads to satisfaction andShow MoreRelatedA Theory Based On The Art Of Loving, Albert Rogers, And Maslow1630 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of this paper was to conceptualize a theory based upon existing ideas to create something unique. My theoretical view is based around the foundation and work of three theorist; Fromm, Rogers, and Maslow. Each individual presented a unique aspect, idea, or theory that was instrumental to the construction of my own. 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The President Of The Cold War Essay - 834 Words

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The Power of Irony in The Death of a Salesman Essay

Renata Lemos English 102 Professor: Jeff Ousborne 04/05/2013 The Power of Irony on â€Å"The Death of a Salesman† Authors use irony in literature in order to give double meanings and make it more interesting to the reader. In the play â€Å" The Death of a Salesman† Arthur Miller uses irony as a strong writing technique in order to express the characters behavior. In â€Å"The Death of a Salesman† by Arthur Miller moments of situational and dramatic irony helps to illustrate the storys theme in which Willy is a man trying yo achieve the American dream, however he have created a world of illusion. Dramatic irony occurs when the meaning of the situation is understood by the audience but not by the characters in the play. Willy thinks that†¦show more content†¦Willy was illusive thinking that he was good enough to get a better a job, instead he end up looking as a failure himself. The irony lies in Willys thoughts and perceptions of reality versus true reality. Willy lives constantly lying to himself with self talk and lying to others to cover his disappointments. Willys n otion of the â€Å"American Dream† and how he keeps saying affirming how successful he is. Willy longs to live his dream however, Willy is living an illusion. He is blaming everyone else for his failures, if not he would have witnessed the good things in his life. At Willys funeral when Linda says, â€Å" Willy I made the last payment on the house today. Today, dear. And therell be nobody home. Were free and clean.... Were free. Were free... Were free.† (1465). This quote helps to demonstrate the irony that now that he and Linda are free from their financial debt he is now no longer able to experience and enjoy that freedom with Linda. It is immensely tragic that at the time when Willy and Linda should be happy, Willy chooses to kill himself. Willy spent his entire life trying to be successful, but he always viewed himself as a failure. 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Likewise in ‘Death of a Salesman’, Willy Loman isRead MoreThe Kite Runner And A Death Of A Salesman Essay1821 Words   |  8 Pagestreatment of father and son relationships in The Kite Runner and A Death of a Salesman.’’ Relationships between families may not perpetually consist of happiness and fulfilment but always have an undeniable bond of unconditional and everlasting love. The concept of relationships particularly that of a father and son is a resonant theme in both the novel ‘’The Kite Runner’’ written by Khaled Hosseini and in the play ‘’A Death of a Salesman’’ by Arthur Miller. Hosseini explores complex father and son relationshipsRead MoreA Place Called Chiapas899 Words   |  4 Pagesreflects this movement toward separation, despite the fact that it was intended to boost trade between regions and create more prosperity on both sides of the United States-Mexico border. The Mexican elites saw it as their salvation. Others saw it as â€Å" a death sentence.† The Chiapas region itself exemplifies this gap, as well. The region was split between the relatively prosperous west, which was fertile and characterized by commercial developm ent, and the poor, subsistence-oriented east. It was not by accidentRead MorePostmodernism in White Noise by Don Delillo and Rabbit, Run by John Updike2560 Words   |  11 PagesConsidering his pervading fear of death and dying, this remark was totally unexpected. A â€Å"plot,† as defined in literature, is a series of events that propel the character forward toward a resolution, an end. However, Jack has a morbid notion of plots, and he believes that in the end, it will lead him toward death–the ultimate end. This might explain why the earlier parts of White Noise lack the sense of a plot. Instead of moving the character forward, Jack often wonders about death, when he will die, and,Read MoreUp the Wall Notes3113 Words   |  13 Pageslanguage is a continuous stream - Onomatopoeia â€Å"I want to hear those eyeballs click† - References to the preservation of the men’s genitalia â€Å"the old crown jewels† and their capacity for sexual intercourse â€Å"turning the key in the ignition† shows that death is not the only consequence of war - Voices of the men is silenced o Dawes criticism of a disciplinary system that does not permit debate and discussion o However also important to note that army life and combat drill do not, by their

Industrial Conflicts a Comparison Between Britain and France Free Essays

Industrial Conflicts: A Comparison between Britain and France Outline of proposed paper I would like to conduct a comparison in the Industrial Conflicts between Britain and France. In this period of financial crisis where companies are taking action on both sides of the English Channel to stay competitive, it would be interesting to analyze the industrial conflicts of these countries as trade unions and workers are sometimes protesting to save their jobs occasionally with extreme violence. I would also like to know more about the Industrial Conflicts in Britain as this is something unfamiliar for me compared to the situation in France where trade unionism and militancy is present early in our lives with students commonly on strike and usually commences from High School. We will write a custom essay sample on Industrial Conflicts: a Comparison Between Britain and France or any similar topic only for you Order Now Identification and justification of relevant theory Before focusing on industrial conflicts, I thought that it would be interesting to first understand the industrial relations with the theory of Richard Whitley (1992) and the concept of Business Systems to highlight that there are major differences between these two countries in the way of organizing and managing economic activities and structuring their industrial relations. Concerning the Industrial Conflicts, Steve Jefferys (2001, 2003)who analyses the French and British employment relations using legal, sociological and historical approaches and also the neo-liberal, regulation, social movement and the societal effect theories to understand the employment relations and their industrials conflict will be my main focus. My additional focus will be on Michael Jackson and his analysis on strike trends, specifically in Anglo-Saxon countries. He thoroughly examines explanations for strikes drawing on research findings and comments from a broad range of disciplines from various authors and theories. Identification of empirical evidence The TUC (Trades Union Congress) library will be extremely helpful in finding out information about British trade union in general and industrial conflicts and militancy more particularly. Richard Clutterbuck (1984) gives us data about strike details in Britain between 1971 and 1980. Micael P. Jackson (1987) also provides data about duration and the average number of workers involved in strikes in the U. K. between 1915 and 1985. Jeff Bridgford developed data about French trade union membership and their belonging to the â€Å"Parti Socialiste† between 1970 and 1979. Preliminary evaluation of alternative arguments and evidence Concerning the industrial relations, Richard Whitley (1992, 2000) seems to belong to the divergent school which means that business systems of countries and their industrial relations are influenced by institutions, history, values or beliefs. However, other authors such as Ohmae (1996) argues the end of the nation-state and the rise of regional economies where economic decisions are now taken at the level of economic region which are often cross national boundaries and economically independent of the nation-states where they reside. Critical self-assessment of progress to date From week three to Five, I looked at literature about Militancy but nothing came out. After a refocus on the topic on industrial conflict, my task until week seven was to read about industrial relations thinking that I will identify the reason of the industrial conflicts but I did not find a clear answer. My regret is to have not read earlier about Steve Jefferys (2001, 2003) and Jackson (1987) who gives much more insight into industrial conflicts. Plan for completion based on progress self-evaluation The schedule concerning my research would be to finish investigating the studies of Jefferys (2001, 2003) and Jackson (1987) and read more about Poole (1986) before the end of December to clearly identify the issues of industrial conflicts. From the 8th December, I also would like to visit the TUC Library to find more data and literature about industrial conflicts. By the end of the First week of January, I hope to have completed the report in order to come back to it with a fresh mind and arrange it without the pressure of deadline. References List Bridgford, J. , (1991), The Politics of French Trade Union. Leicester: Leicester University Press Clutterbuck, R. (1984), Industrial Conflict and Democracy: The Last Chance. London: The MacMillian Press LTD Jackson, M. (1987), Strikes: Industrial Conflict in Britain, U. S. A. and Australia. Sussex: Wheatsheaf Books LTD Jefferys, S. , al, (2001), European Working lives: Continuities and Change in Management and Industrial Relations in France, Scandinavia and the U. K. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited Jefferys, S. (2003), Liberte, Egalite and Fraternite at Work: Changing French Employment Relations and Management. London: Palgrave Ohmae, K. (1996), The End of Nation State. London: Harper Collins Whitley R. , (1992), European Business Systems: Firms and Markets in their National Contexts. London: Mansel Whitley, R. , (2000), Divergent Capitalisms: The Social Structuring and Change of Business Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press Bibliography Hall, P. Sos kice, D. (2001), Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations Comparative Advantage. Oxford: Oxford University Press Kornhauser, A. , (1954), Industrial Conflict. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company Perkins, S. Shortland, S. , (2006), Stategic International Human Resource Management: Choices and Consequences in Multinational People Management. London: Kogan Page Poole, M. (1986), Industrial Relations: Origins and Patterns of National Diversity. London: Routledge and Kegan-Paul Rubery, J. Grimshaw, D. , (2003), The Organization of Employment: An International Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillian http://www. unionhistory. info How to cite Industrial Conflicts: a Comparison Between Britain and France, Papers

Ecology for Frameworks for Learning -myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theEcology for Frameworks for Learning. Answer: The biggest estate on earth: how Aborigines made Australia, Allen Unwin The book provides how land owned by the Australian people was managed by them in 1788. The book provides how they made management of land possible why they did it and what did it to do it. The book provides an argument that the people during that time considered the Australian state they managed as universal and single. The Australian state was A Remarkable state has no state on the planet was situated on so much land. The state covers an area of 7.7 million square kilometers and includes broad diversity of species and cultures. The Europeans were yet to get any information about the land. They came to know that the Seasons were not always seasonal and in the north they mark two seasons one is wet and the other as dry hi were in the south Four Seasons has been marked by then as sided by then ancestors. Three major facts have been established through this book. It provides that 70% of the Australian plants tolerate on need fire. Therefore the knowledge which provided plant can tolerate fire along with how much and when was a crucial element towards knowing how to manage land. This knowledge could allow the burning of plants so that the regeneration from the post fire good move and situated grazing animals towards selecting the place of feeding and Habitat preferred by them. The shepherding of grazing animals would only be possible in this way as in Australia and like any other place the animals had no serious predators apart from humans. There was no wilderness at all in Australia. An ecological philosophy in form of the law had been imposed by religious sanctions which forced people to provide care for the whole country. The motive of people living in Australia was to only case for the country and to live and die for it. According to the law of the land during that period people had to leave the world in the same form it had been provided to them. Therefore during 1788 practices world conservative however static means were not imposed by this. The management was based on Active activities and was allowed to circumstances and seasons along with being committed to a balance of life (Gammage, 2011). Integrating nature and culture in landscape ecology. InLandscape ecology in Asian cultures The general article provides that the field of landscape Ecology is now a properly established interdisciplinary study which is proved by various features. The features include developing but prominent systems of principles theories applications and concepts. The recognized status of the field is reflected through the adaptation of several universities about the course matter of the study along with the interest of various authors to make research on it. It may be argued that the above discussed features are not adequate to consider landscape ecology as a properly establish interdisciplinary study in a strict sense. The identified limitations can be because of the limitations of consensus with respect to properly articulated research goals and questions along with a proper methodology for the area. Although the area of landscape Ecology has developed it is far from becoming a mature science which could be capable of achieving its objectives of becoming trans-disciplinary. Setting out a theoretical basis and development of a proper methodology along with the demonstration successful application in relation to area based studies so that proper management designing and understanding towards sustainable landscapes can be developed is the most important and challenging role of landscape ecology. Human Geography along with other Social Sciences have a lot of knowledge which can be used by landscape ecologist. They can gain a lot through the integration of holistic and analytical approaches in the field. They have to realize that March is yet to be studied in relation to traditional and contemporary cultural landscapes. Although as the spectrum of the research interest is being expanded which is embarrassing a greater complexity in relation to landscapes along with reaching advanced levels of trans disciplinarily the essential characteristics of landscape Ecology must not be forgotten and emphasis should be on spatial heterogeneity and related spatially appropriate methodology which is in relation to the definition originally provided by Carl Troll and which has been converted to the side-lines of landscape ecology of the modern world (Wu, 2011). Urban ecological systems: Scientific foundations and a decade of progress Journal of Environmental Management The journal article provides that the nature of human habitation has changed predominantly from rural to urban during the last century. Even though the newly developed handloom was not considered by primary ecology during the majority of that same period important contributions towards developing a knowledge about urban environment and those times were made. A significant finding in relation to urban ecology were logical research which focused on both patches within urban complexes along with the function and structure of entire contributions was that the functions related to ecosystem still exist. There are several benefits towards recognizing functioning of the ecosystem in the boundaries of urban complexes such as through the assessment of ecological functions of slowing the flow of water along with promotion of human health and wellbeing the quality of environment downstream along with the life in cities can together be improved. During the past decade conceptions of the urban social-ecological in nature along with methods of structuring them have become originally filtered and mostly differentiated. New demographic and social concepts have been discovered in addition to traditional socio demographic variables. The common relationship among biophysical and socio-economic processes near and in urban complexes frequently can be emphasized on through one or more precarious lenses. The significance of land with respect to the basis for both buyer physical and social processes is provided through the rubric of land change science. Therefore in this theory land main support a more comprehensive concept in relation to human ecosystem. Therefore the connected interactions of biophysical and social spatial heterogeneities actress small scale can be used through the exercise of sufficient level urban structure approach that is in addition linked well with watershed regional social and airshed connections. Through this approach the growing issue of society and Science in relation to sustainability can be applied and enhanced (Picckett et al., 2011). Integrating environment policy with business strategy.Long range planning The paper is related to landscape architectures and land-use planning. The concepts have elongated and differentiated pasts of inspired happenings. In order to provide solution for the existing ecological problems landscape architects and land planners have to be poised uniquely towards the society. They are scholars and professionals who have their focuses on land, creating and designing plans and solving problems. There are few examples which depict impressive harmonies in land such as the Italian country villas and developments of national parks and the major reason for this is that they meshed culture with nature. The planners and designers were mature towards both cultures and nature as they had sufficient knowledge in both. Wildlife populations, wind, water, wet lands, biological patters, physical processes entwined in vegetation and biological patters were included in nature. The varied human dimensions of aesthetics, recreation, community social patters waste handling, transportation and economics are integrated within cultures. The components of culture and ecology had diverged during that time in a few countries. For instance ecology hand matured and moved away from design and planning or primary importance was provided to economics or waste handling were considered as the only problems of engineering. The expertises of landscape architects and land planners have always been restricted to small areas such as shopping malls, housing clusters and small parks. The book aimed to identify and establish major principles of landscape ecology especially those which can be used directly in landscape architecture and land use planning along with illustrating that how such principals could be used in designing and planning projects (Hutchinson, 1996). Ecology and design: frameworks for learning Landscapes are designed by sun and rain, animals and plants, human mind and hands. Whether clipped or wild, straight or curved, plastics or living plants, every region and every garden is a result of human intelligence and natural phenomenon. It is not possible to design a landscape without an expression of concepts about nature even if unconsciously. For many years nature has acted like a model and mirror for the purpose of designing landscapes, has been looked up-to for guidance and inspiration. Nature is both constructed and given. The paper provides for the nature of nature where it states that there are always differences between the definition of nonhuman features and the autonomy prescribed to them. Nature is considered a reflector for and of culture. The concept of nature provides as much in relation to human society as it is done about non human autonomy. Although human culture is described as natures reflection, the ideas also reflect nature. As it is a product of culture, the concept of nature is taken differently from people to people, period to period and place to place. The natural way of doing things have been subjected to dispute even in the same time and place. The nature of planning and landscape designing is also provided by the paper. The paper states that a strong idea is held by landscape architects in relation to nature, whatever it may signify to them they have a tendency of caring about it. The values and belief which are represented by these ideas is usually the reason why this profession is entered upon by them. Te paper provides about constructing nature and state that nature is constructed by landscape architects both figuratively and literally, however the history of the modern landscape architects provides that they followed norms rather than rhetorical expressions and ideas (Melnick, 2001). Land Mosaics: The Ecology of Landscapes and Regions The paper provides about regions and land mosaics and states that the focus of the society is limited to their own house lots, housing developments and sometimes their towns, however they fail to realize that more large and significant forces are degrading which is going to affect the land we inhabit in a very drastic manner. The paper states that even if there are developments towards few identified natural areas new areas reflecting environmental degradation are coming up. To solve this big emerging problem the areas have to be segregated into different parts and them work needs to be carried out on them. The population of the cities are developing overtime because the birth rate is higher that the mortality rate. Emigration and immigration rates are specially affected by economic fluctuations which results in short term population drops and rise. A dynamic mosaic of nature and people is revealed by the emphasis on the patterns within urban regions. Enhanced approaches in relation to strategy are required mix half nature and people and create a full combination. A city is significant and relatively large municipality. Even with the use of a satellite it is not adequate to identify the boundaries of a city clearly. In urban regions green spaces are an unbuilt area which signifies areas which do not contain closely spaced building. Mostly the green spaces and built areas are required by the cities. Nature is referred to by the natural system but emphasis is placed on its functioning, change and structure. The working of nature is based on species flow and move materials and energy. The paper points out the importance of biodiversity, natures richness, conservations and habitats. It describes urbanization, regions such as bioregions and eco-regions along with its internal and external effects. It also discusses about land mosaic perspective and land ecology (Forman, 2014). Human impacts on ecosystems and landscapes.Placing Nature: Culture in Landscape Ecology The paper provides a discussion on human impacts on ecosystem and landscapes. The paper initiates by stating that it was not necessary for early humans to take care of the land at a rate which is required by the modern society as during that time nature was able to take care of its self. The paper further states that the capacity of biosphere towards sustaining life is ever decreasing. This is because of the ever growing threat from human population growth which results in the increase of energy use and technological innovations. The problems which is faced by the society, lies within the simplicity of physical science and the complexity of social science within the nature. The integrity of the ecosystem is subjected to threats because of rapidly developing technology based on chemistry and physics which have recently largely increased in scale. The entire planate is now been subjected to hazards like chemical toxification, loss of biodiversity, global warming and ozone layer depletion. However it cannot be provided that the advancements made by the technology cannot provide benefits to the environment. For example acid rains in Europe and America have been reduced rapidly through the use of scrubbers used for removing sulfur-di-oxide. The rate of environmental degradation is actually a result of over use of energy by the humans. However in most of the circumstances it is way too easy to derive the benefits of the developing technology then considering the degrading effects of it on the environment. This is particularly more harmful when the long term effects of the problem are considered. However whatever the case may be very less effort is provided to such matters. The advancement in social science which un-dergird law, politics, management and economics have compulsorily came more slowly as compared to advancement in technology. The problems which are being created by the present society is certain to have a band effect on our children and grandchildren (Gorham, 1997). Ecosystem structure and function along urban-rural gradients: an unexploited opportunity for ecology The paper is related to the ecosystem function and structure along urban-rural gradients. Urbanization is a large, unexpected testing which is by now affecting big acreages and spreading across in various areas of the United States. The definitions of urbanization can be states as an increase in the use of energy due to the growth of population along with modification of landscape in an extensive way. Urbanization creates systems which do not allow the persistence of local natural resources. In an urban context natural areas are those which are not extensively managed by humans. Thus they be categorized as lakes, ponds, parks and streams. The purpose of the paper is to show that how urbanization can be used in form of a ecology research subject. The paper states that how the results obtained through urbanization will be able to provide a context for providing answers to ecological questions of common applicability and importance along with the issue that are unique and specific to urbanization. A conceptual framework is also provided by the paper for the purpose of studying urbanization ecologically. The development of urban areas in North America and in reality worldwide signifies the information about ecosystems in relation to urbanization is subjected to increasingly important. The nature and magnitude of the variations in chemical, biotic and physical ecosystems are related urbanization give an extraordinary suit of testing treatment which can be utilized by ecology. The framework which has been proposed by the paper to provide guidance to the integration and design of ecological studies in relation to rural-urban gradients and provides its uses to address fundamental ecological issues. The paper concludes by providing that the components of humans are critical to the study of urban rural gradients for ecological systems (McDonnell Pickett, 1990). References Forman, R. T. (2014).Land Mosaics: The Ecology of Landscapes and Regions (1995)(p. 217). Island Press. Gammage, B. (2011), The biggest estate on earth: how Aborigines made Australia, Allen Unwin, Crows Nest, N.S.W., pp. 1-17. Gorham, E. (1997). Human impacts on ecosystems and landscapes.Placing Nature: Culture in Landscape Ecology, JI Nas-sauer (Editor). Island Press, Washington, DC. Hutchinson, C. (1996). Integrating environment policy with business strategy.Long range planning,29(1), 11-23. McDonnell, M. J., Pickett, S. T. (1990). Ecosystem structure and function along urban-rural gradients: an unexploited opportunity for ecology.Ecology, 1232-1237. Melnick, R. (2001).Ecology and design: frameworks for learning. Island Press. S.T.A. Picckett et al., (2011), Urban ecological systems: Scientific foundations and a decade of progress Journal of Environmental Management 92 331e362 Wu, J. (2011). Integrating nature and culture in landscape ecology. InLandscape ecology in Asian cultures(pp. 301-321). Springer Japan.